NegraCorpusEdges

List of the grammatical functions (edge labels) used in the NEGRA project.

AC adpositional case marker

Preposition/postposition in a PP, annotated as a sister constituent of the determiner, adjectives, noun etc.

Possible parent node labels: PP
Possible node labels: APPR, APPO, APZR (lexical) CAC (phrasal)

    PP
+---+---+
AC  NK  NK
|   |   |
auf dem Dach

ADC adjective component

Component of a multi-token adjective (MTA)

Possible parent node labels: MTA
Possible node labels: NE, ADJA, ADJD ADC ADC

Example:
die [MTA: Bad Muenstereifeler] Buerger

AMS measure argument of an adjective/adverb

Possible parent node labels: AP, AVP
Possible node labels: NP, NM, CARD, NN, AP, ...

Accusative-marked measure arguments like:

+------AP--+
AMS        |
|         |
+--NP+--+ |
|    |  |
[[zwanzig Jahre] alt]

APP apposition

"inserted" phrase, further specifying/modifying the entity described by the matrix NP.

Possible parent node labels:  NP, PP
Possible node labels: NP, PP, AP, AVP, VP, PPER, ...

Examples:
NK  NK    APP
der Mann, [ein Mittvierziger]

Exceptions:

1. post-nominal APs and VPs
• NK  NK    MNR
  das Haus, [1888 errichtet]
2. nouns/NPs that do not have the form of an "insertion"
• NK   NK    NK
  zwei Liter [klares Wasser]
  
• NK    NK  NK
  Prof. Dr. Mueller
  
• NK  NK    NK
  die Stadt Saarbruecken

AVC adverbial phrase component

Component of a head-less AVP like [immer wieder]

Possible node labels: ADV
Possible parent node labels: AVP

CC comparative complement

Argument of comparative adjectives/adverbs, sometimes of nouns:

Possible node labels: NP, PP, S, VP, ...
Possible parent node: AP, AVP, NP

Examples:
+--AP---+
HD      CC
juenger [als er]
[als wir dachten]
....
+-NP--+
NK    CC
einer [wie du]

CD coordinating conjunction

Possible node labels: KON, (ADV)
Possible parent nodes:  CAP, CAVP, CPP, CNP, CS, CVP, CAC, CCP, CO

Examples:
CJ     CD  CJ
[Peter und Anna]

CJ conjunct

Constituent participating in coordination (cf. CD)

Possible node labels: any!
Possible parent nodes:  CAP, CAVP, CPP, CNP, CS, CVP, CAC, CCP, CO

CM comparative conjunction

`wie', `als' and `denn' in comparative constructions

Possible node labels: KOKOM
Possible parent nodes:  any, edgelabel CC

+-NP-+
CM   NK
besser [als Peter]

CP complementizer

Complementizer introducing a subordinate clause or a VP

Possible node labels: KOUI, KOUS
Possible parent nodes:  S, VP

Examples:
S
+---+--+----+
CP  SB OA   HD
dass er uns kennt

   VP
+--+------+
CP OA     VVIZU
um ihn    anzurufen

DA dative

Dative object/`free dative'

Possible node labels: NP, NN, NE, AP, NM, MPN, PPER, ...
Possible parent nodes:  S, VP, AP, AVP(?)

Examples:
      S
+--+--+-----+
SB HD DA    OA
er gab mir ein Buch

DH discourse-level head

Head of a discourse-level constituent (DL)

Possible node labels: S, ?NP, VP, ...
Possible parent nodes: DL

Example:
             RS                    DH
[ ["Lass mich in Ruhe!"] [aergerte sich Peter] ]

DM discourse marker

Basically, `ja', `nein', etc.

Possible node labels: PTKANT
Possible parent nodes: S, VP

DM  SB  HD
Ja, das funktioniert.

GL prenominal genitive

Possible node labels: NP, NE, CNP, MPN...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

Example:
GL     NK
Peters Onkel

GR postnominal genitive

Possible node labels: NP, NE, CNP, MPN...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

Example:
NK  NK        GR
Das Interesse [der Studenten]

HD head

(self-explanatory)

Possible node labels: any
Possible parent nodes: S, VP, AP, AVP

There is no explicitly marked head in NPs, PPs, DLs and coordinated constituents.

JU junctor

like CD, but with only one conjunct.

Possible node labels: KON, ADV
Possible parent nodes: S (VP?)...

Example:
JU  SB    HD   SVP
Und Peter ging weg.

MNR postnominal modifier

Postnominal NP/PP modifier (or complement).

Possible node labels: PP, NP, VP, PROAV, CPP, CVP, AP, CAP, ...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

Examples:
NK  NK   MNR
das Haus [in Hamburg]

NK  NK       MNR
der Verzicht [auf Atomwaffen]

NK  NK    MNR
das Haus, [1888 errichtet]

MO modifier

MO denotes different functions in different phrases:

1. in S/VPs/APs: - modifiers (adjuncts) - prepositional objects


Possible node labels: PP, PROAV, CPP, NP, VP, ...
Possible parent nodes: S,VP,AP,AVP

Example:
SB HD     MO    MO
er wartet hier auf mich

2. in NPs/PPs: - focus adverbs such as: `nur', `auch', `sogar', `vor allem'


Possible node labels: ADV, (PP), AVP
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

Example:
MO  AC NK        NK
nur am kommenden Freitag

NG negation

the negation particle `nicht' (also modified)

Possible node labels: PTKNEG, AVP (if modified)
Possible parent nodes: any

Examples:
SB HD       NG
Er schlaeft nicht.

SB HD       NG
            +-AVP-+
            MO    HD
            |      |
Er schlaeft gar nicht.

NK noun kernel modifier

NMC numerical component

Part of a multi-token number (NM)

Possible node labels: CARD, ART, NN
Possible mother node: NMC

Examples:
NMC          NMC
[NM: 10 000] Leute

NMC                 NMC
[NM: eine Million] Leute

OA accusative object

Accusative objects of verbs, participles and certain adjectives

Possible node labels: NP, CNP, NN, NE, MPN, etc.
Possible mother nodes: S, VP, AP

Examples:
SB  HD   OA
ich sehe ihn

[AP: OA HD ]
ich bin es gewohnt

OA2 second accusative object

second accusative objects of verbs like `lehren'

Possible labels - see OA.

Examples:
SB HD     OA  OA2
er lehrte ihn Deutsch

OC clausal object

VP/S subcategorised by a verb, adjective or a noun.

Possible node labels: S, CS, VP, CVP, VZ, CVZ, VVFIN, ...
Possible mother nodes: S, VP, AP, NP, PP

Examples:
SB HD  OC
er hat geschlafen

SB HD         [ OC ]
er verspricht, uns zu besuchen

SB  HD   OC
die Tuer wird geoeffnet

SB  HD     [ OC ]
ich weiss, dass er kommt

NK  NK         [ OC ]
der Beschluss, ein Haus zu bauen

[AP: HD OC ]
er ist bereit zu gehen

OG genitive object

Genitive objects of verbs, participles and certain adjectives

Possible labels: - see OA.

Examples:
SB HD      OG
es bedarf grosser Anstrengungen

[AP: OG HD ]
er ist des Englischen maechtig

PD predicate

Predicative AP/NP/PP, typically in a copular construction

Possible node labels: AP, ADJD, AVP, PP, NP, VP...
Possible mother nodes: S, VP

SB HD PD
Peter ist/wird krank

SB HD PD
Die Tuer ist offen/geoeffnet

SB HD PD
Karl ist Lehrer

SB HD PD
Hans ist in Berlin

NB:

• "Zustandspassiv":
• 
  PD
  die Tuer ist geoeffnet
• "Vorgangspassiv":
• 
  OC
  die Tuer wird geoeffnet

PG pseudo-genitive

A `von'-PP used instead of an adnominal genitive

Possible node labels: PP, PROAV
Possible mother nodes: NP, PP

Example:
PG
der Hut [von Peter] (cf. Peters Hut)

PH placeholder

A pronominal adverb or pronoun (`es') correlating with an extraposed constituent.

Possible node labels: PROAV, PPER (es)
Possible mother nodes: PP, NP

Examples:
PH RE
Ich glaube nicht [PP: daran, [dass er kommt]]

PH RE
Er liebt [NP: es, [ein Auto zu fahren]]

PH RE
[NP: Es] ist schade, [NP: dass ...]

PH RE
[NP: Es] kam [NP: [nichts Interessantes]]

PM morphological particle

Just two cases: the infinitival `zu' (zu gehen) the adjectival (superlative) `am' (am besten)

Possible node labels: PTKA, PTKZU
Possible mother nodes: VZ, AA

Examples:
PM HD
[VZ: zu singen]

PM HD
[AA: am schlechtesten]

PNC proper noun component

every daughter node of a multi-token proper name (MPN)

Possible node labels: NE, NN
Possible mother nodes: MPN

Example:
PNC PNC PNC
[MPN: Peter J. Mueller]

RC relative clause

A relative clause is a relative clause :-)

Possible node labels: S, CS
Possible mother nodes: NP, PP, S, VP, AP?

Examples:
NK  NK    [ RC ]
ein Mann, den wir nicht kennen

SB HD        [ RC ]
Er schlaeft, was mir nicht gefaellt

RE repeated element

An extraposed (or, sometimes, fronted) constituent replaced in situ by a correlate (placeholder, PH)

Examples: cf. PH

RS reported speech

The complementary function to DH (discourse head) in a DL phrase.

Examples: cf. DH, DL (node label)

SB subject

A subject is a subject Possible only within S.

Possible node labels: NP, S, CNP, VP, CVP, PPER, NN, NE...
Possible mother node: S

SB HD OA
Der Mann kennt uns

SB HD OA NG
[Was er sagt,] interessiert mich nicht

SBP passivised subject (PP)

"by-phrase": a PP with the preposition `von', expressing the logical subject of a passive verb form.

Possible node labels: PP, PROAV
Possible mother nodes: VP, AP (inflected participles only)

Examples:
SBP   HD
Peter wurde [VP: von jemanden gesehen ]

[AP: SBP HD ]
die von uns bevorzugte Loesung

NB: `von' only, not `durch'!

SP subject or predicate

Used only if the SB/PD distinction cannot be made consistently.

Example:
SP HD SP
Peter war Paul

SVP separable verb prefix

Possible node labels: PTKVZ
Possible mother nodes: S (VP)

Example:
SB HD SVP
Das Kind schlaeft ein

UC (idiosyncratic) unit component

VO

Example:
VO MO HD SB MO SVP
Hans, wo gehst du jetzt hin?

Related topics: NegraCorpus, NegraGrammar, NegraCorpusNodes

-- MichaelDaum - 01 Aug 2002